Corneal ulcers: causes, symptoms, treatment
A corneal ulcer is an open sore on the clear front surface of the eye. It can feel like something gritty is stuck in your eye, make vision blurry, and cause pain and redness. This is not a mild problem — corneal ulcers need quick attention to avoid lasting vision loss.
Signs and when to see a doctor
Watch for a few clear signs: intense eye pain, worsening redness, watery or pus-like discharge, light sensitivity, and a white or gray spot on the cornea. If you wear contact lenses and get any of these symptoms, stop wearing lenses and contact an eye doctor the same day. Sudden vision changes or severe pain should be treated as an emergency.
Do not try to treat a suspected corneal ulcer with over-the-counter eye drops that reduce redness. Those can hide symptoms and make things worse. Also avoid rubbing the eye, which can spread or deepen the injury.
Treatment options you’ll likely encounter
Treatment depends on the cause. Bacterial ulcers typically need prescription antibiotic eye drops, often given frequently at first (every 1–2 hours). Viral ulcers, like those from herpes simplex, get antiviral drops or pills. Fungal ulcers require antifungal eye drops or oral meds and can take longer to heal. Atypical infections or ulcers after trauma may need targeted drugs based on lab results.
Most people will see an eye specialist (ophthalmologist) who examines the eye with a slit-lamp and may take a small scraping to identify the germ. If vision is at risk, doctors may use stronger treatments in the clinic, such as fortified antibiotic drops. Steroid eye drops are sometimes used later to reduce scarring, but only under close supervision because they can worsen infection if used too early.
Pain control and follow-up matter. Your doctor may give oral pain relievers and a plan to check the eye frequently at first. Healing can take days to weeks. Missing doses or stopping treatment early raises the risk of complications.
For contact lens wearers: disinfect lenses properly, replace them as recommended, never sleep in lenses unless approved, and avoid homemade saline or tap water. Poor lens care is one of the most common causes of corneal ulcers.
Prevention also includes protecting your eyes from injuries, treating dry eyes, and getting prompt care for any eye infection. If you work around chemicals, dust, or plants, use protective goggles.
If you suspect a corneal ulcer, don’t wait. Quick diagnosis and the right medication are the best ways to protect your sight. If travel or access to care is a problem, call a telemedicine service or your local urgent eye clinic for immediate advice.
